Inventory Systems Summary

Forecasting is a planning tool meant to help management in their attempts to cope with the uncertainty of the potential events. Forecasting with indices is used for numerous reasons, especially in business. There are two common methods of forecasting, there is the quantitative method and then there is the qualitative method. The quantitative methods are based on more numerical data; these are typically statistical methods done by collecting data. Team D has computed a forecast based on the Summer Historical Inventory Data with an explanation on how the results were detained.The University of Phoenix has found Itself in a lot of trouble with the law, with law suits being filed against them left right and center; an overwhelming amount of crystals has been aimed at the Institution from the employees to students, who Indicate there Is trouble brewing In the Institution. In this paper we will look at how the trend of admissions has been affected and predict the future of registrations in this university (Summer Historical Inventory Data).According to Institution of education sciences (2010), the year 2000 University of Phoenix had 4,783; the enrollment after this sky rocketed and in fall 2006, the total number of students enrolled were 165,373, in 2007 fall, the number of students was 224,880, in 2008 fall the number was 301 323, In the fall of 2009, university of Phoenix had one of the highest enrollment rates in North America with the online program having an intake of 380,232 students.Projection statistics all indicate that enrollment of students Is on the Increase as the years pass by, the need for education Is growing ND all factors considered like gender, age and attendance all show that the likelihood of a fall In enrollment in universities granting degrees Is highly unlikely. University of Phoenix has been no exception to the rule as by 2009 the numbers have been increasing (Institution of education sciences, 2010).The rate of part time students NAS particu larly Increased, as many people opt Tort tans Upton as opposed to being full time students. The university has experienced changes in administration and has really focused on getting more and more students; the methods they have seed however have raised eyebrows as it is one of the highest profit raking institutions and burdens students with heavy loan repayments (Scott, 2009).While there have been concerns raised about the university, as far back as 2006, the numbers have kept rising especially because the offer classes online, though their many campuses and other hybrid programs online, such schedules are flexible and appeal to many who may not have the time to attend campus regularly; Students can get their associates, bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees (Online degree reviews, 2011). Opinions from many people who have been through the university are however likely to affect the enrollment rates.In 2011, the general enrollment has gone down by about 30% by most statistics a nd with the malpractices that are coming to light this rate is likely to continue, as the needs of the students do not seem to be met adequately and many end up feeling they got a raw deal (Scott, 2009). University of Phoenix has certainly perfected the art of getting the numbers to the school with many people employed to ascertain this, however the problems begin to how after the students begin school as they most often do not get the full details of what they are getting themselves into (Online degree reviews, 2011).

How To Find A Job Effectively

Everyday someone is looking for a job. Whether that person is a recent graduate, a person laid-off from work, or a person that wants a different job, their diligent search turns into a carefully planned search for employment. It is important that a person knows how to search effectively for a job. There are three effective ways to look for a job: use a variety of resources, do a resume, and go on interviews. One way a person can look for a job effectively is to use a variety or resources, such as the newspaper, the Internet, or the local Job-Service Agency. The newspaper can be used to help find a job by looking at the job listings in the classified ad sections. The job listings in a newspaper vary depending on what is listed. One can find the classified ads by using the newspaper s index, which is located in the front of the newspaper. Another resource that can be used is the Internet. The Internet contains many search engines that can be used to find a specific job. One can even apply for jobs over the Internet. A person can also use the local Job-Service Agency to find a job. A Job-Service Agency can help the unemployed person find a job in the area where he or she lives. The Job-Service Agency tries to match ones skills with the jobs that are available. Generally, when a person writes a resume, he or she should avoid using the words I and My; be meticulous; and be able to keep track of where one submits his or her resume. Since a resume is about ones work history, the words I and My should not be used. Writing the words I and My for every statement is repetitious and clutters the resume with unnecessary words. It is perfectly acceptable to write a resume with incomplete sentences. A person must also be meticulous and look for errors in the resume. A resume should never be submitted with typos and other blatant mistakes. When a person sends a resume with many mistakes, this implies that one does not pay attention to details or has poor communication skills. In addition, when submitting resumes, it is important to keep track of where they are sent. This is a good idea, so that one does not submit his or her resume more than once at the same place. Being organized is a crucial step in writing and submitting resumes. When going on an interview, attire, body language, and manners count. First impressions are very important. Ones overall appearance is the first thing that an interviewer notices. A person should dress neat and in a professional manner. In addition, one should be aware of his or her body language. Being alert and answering questions in a timely and polite way is important. The tone of voice, posture, and gesture gives clues about ones manners. A positive attitude along with good manners can have a lasting impression. Manners count. No one wants to work with someone who is rude and disrespectful. In summary, if a person uses a variety of resources, do a resume, and go on interviews this will help one effectively find a job. It is essential that a person know how to effectively find a job, so that one becomes successful in his or her search. When a person does know how to find a job effectively, it will be hard for them to find a job. This will often lead to a person not finding a job at all. Therefore, if one uses these three effective ways to search for a job carefully, he or she will have no problem finding a job.

Assistant Manager

Education 2 72% University or above Geographic HECK Island , Central, TTS Commercial Areas Source The Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd & Nielsen Media Index HECK Year-End Report 2012 Demographic According to the source from HACK Ltd and Nielsen Media Index HECK Year-End Report in 2012, 70% of readers fall into the age range between 30-49 years old. It means that the readers are used to read SCAMP English newspaper. They are loyal to SCAMP for personal reading interest or business insight.For education background, 72% of readers has university graduate or above so that they are well-educated, repressions and in senior position. The readers are willing to pay the higher price to get quality news instead of free newspaper. The readers under 29 years or below is only 19% of the total market. Geographic: SCAMP circulates the print via channels like newspaper stores and convenient stores. Most of the circulation gain from HECK Island, Central, TTS & other commercial areas.As ethn icity was 57% of Non-Chinese and 43% of Chinese, it reflects most of the readers are foreigners. Demographic & Geographic are presenting the similar data which means the result would be more truthfully and specifically. Most SCAMP readers are of premium social status such as Managers, Executives and Professionals for self-use etc. For corporate customers, company size with over 50 staff or global firms, the subscription of SCAMP is a corporate image. They are frequent and loyal users regardless of the higher subscription price.Also schools, universities, Government, financial & banking clients are the major consumers. Behavioral: SCAMP bases on different consumers' desires to provide the following marketing plan. 0 Monday – Friday, corporate and stable readers, regularly Sunday – leisure day, less demand, no corporate Saturday is more popular for Job seekers for The Classified Post Company: At least one copy of SCAMP daily 2. 2 Targeting The target customers are divide d into B to C (Business to Consumer) and B to B (Business to Business) models.B to C (Business to Consumer) For consumer market, readers are decision makers, Government officers, Coos, senior executives, scholars, professionals, university students, and Westerners. Their average income belongs to high income group (40% Monthly Household Income HECK $70,000 or above). They have high spending power. Job seekers who look for quality arrears 'employers and better salary offers will search the Jobs from Classified Post. The employers / recruitment agents who look for quality staff will place advertising on Classified Post to recruit their staff.Besides, the consumers look for news with highest creditability and they are very loyal to SCAMP. B to B (Business to Business) For corporate customers like multi-national companies, they are very loyal to SCAMP and purchase at least one print in the office on a daily basis for company image or quote SCAMP news as educational reference and or use published statistics in their business reports. For primary, secondary and university students, Education Bureau encourage students to subscribe SCAMP newspaper to pick up their reading hobby. Undeniably, SCAMP is the leader of HECK English newspaper. . 3 Positioning SCAMP mission is ‘As we move forward in these rapidly changing times, can be summed up in three words: Aspiration, Connection and Trust. Aspiration: We deliver value and quality to our customers by enhancing knowledge. Connection: We bridge Hong Kong, China and the rest of the world, and we actively engage in these communities. Trust: We will grow with the region as the trusted littoral on China. Being market leader in English newspaper, SCAMP won 11 awards in 2013, the Top Prize of Society of Publishers in Asia Editorial Award 2013.SCAMP gained the 1st ranking of Highest Credibility in Hong Kong newspaper market according to the survey conducted by Center for Communication Research of Chinese University (2011). S CAMP is consistently striving to seek ways to retain its market leader position in English newspaper market since 1903 and keeping the high standard in newspaper contents with highest credibility so that its readers are very loyal to SCAMP. 3. Marketing Mix The marketing mix is a business tool used to execute the market strategy into practical business activity.Our team is study focus on newspaper business – South China Morning Post (SCAMP) – an English Newspaper, retail selling price is HECK$9 from Monday to Saturday; HECK$II for Sunday Morning Post. The most important value of the newspaper is Fair, Fact, Credibility, and Integrity; it is why SCAMP can be the market leader and long lasting Product is â€Å"the tangible or intangible goods or services and how it can satisfy consumer's needs and wants†. Products have different life cycle, it will grow, mature and eventually decline and phrase out.Therefore, SCAMP has carried various product mix in order to exten d the product line to secure the income and maintain the growth of the business. Apart from printed copy, it has added digital subscription from 2010 as Internet and Smartened become more common and popular. They have changed the reading habit of the whole world. Besides, mobile APS application has been added in 2012. Subscribers are Job seekers who expect to find quality Jobs from the newspapers. On the other hand, it attracts employers or recruitment/hiring agents to post the recruitment advertisement on the newspaper.It is an important platform for Job seekers, employers and recruitment agents. Pricing is â€Å"the process of setting a price for a product or discount. The price needs not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or services. SCAMP is carrying premium pricing strategy. From circulation information, its target customers are well-educated and belong to the group of middle to high income. They are less sensitive (inelastic of demand) to commodi ty items like food and newspapers. Buying a newspaper at $9/$10 is not a concern to them.On contrast, Chinese newspaper segment is large and very sensitive to penny change on pricing, hush free newspaper is popular in the market Premium pricing also represents the reader's prestigious status and quality. High credibility is the most important thing to them. Apart from newspaper revenue, advertisement is one of the major income streams in SCAMP. It also charges the customers higher advertising price for posting recruitment advertisement if comparing to Recruit, Jobs. It tells the customers that its readers possess good quality when they are looking for their companies.If the customers want to recruit people with high quality and capability, SCAMP is the only choice. Place (or distribution): â€Å"It is how to deliver the goods or service to the customer. † For printed newspaper, Scamps retailing channels will be news stand or convenient store e. G. 7-11 . In HECK, TTS, Central and HECK Island, due to business and commercial centers are gathered with numerous westerners coming from different countries. Hence, the circulation of printed copy in these districts is the most. For digital subscription, it is via internet or mobile app.Promotion: â€Å"It includes various methods of promoting the product, brand, or company including advertising, sales promotion, publicity, PR, direct marketing, digital arresting, sponsorship, personal selling. † Despite SCAMP is a media, it also needs to promote its business. Apart from putting advertisement on its own newspaper and website, SCAMP needs to promote its product via different channels. Loyalty discount to customer: Offer discount to loyalty readers, employers and recruitment agents who has subscribed its newspaper for a long period of time. SCAMP wins numerous Good Word-of-Mouth in this industry.It wins 11 awards gets the highest ranking in credibility in the HECK newspaper. E. G. Edward Snowmen fair select ed SCAMP; it has shown its newspaper has high integrity to the public. It also Joins Job Exhibition Fair, Trade Fair, and Seminar to broaden its exposure to the public. 4. Customer Relationship Management Firstly, as mobile is the single fastest growing source of digital traffic, SCAMP continue to its existing digital offerings with new products such as SCAMP News Pulse, new phone app to enhance the relations with the customers, especially among younger generation.Secondly, if the customers have subscribed to the members of Classified Post, they can search their Jobs according to their requirements. The Classified Post (â€Å"CUP') will keep customer's C.V. and personal information in a highly secured way. Then, CUP provides Job Alert e-newsletter and course/self-enhancement information to subscribers' emails based on subscribers, particular information. This would create a strong bonding relationship between SCAMP and its readers. 5. Market Analysis 5. Circulation Source The Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd Cover price for SCAMP increased by $1 to $9 since January this year. The online subscription fee for scamp. Com has also increased in late June 2013. 2013-2015 According to the source from the Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd, the daily circulation of SCAMP is around 100,860 to 107,629 from 2009 to the first half of 013. The daily circulation is very stable within this period. But the circulation mix was changed once digital version was launched in the first half of 2010. In 2009, the daily circulation was solely print version.Once digital version was launched, it commenced to grow from 3363 in the 1st half of 2010 to 18,149 in the 1st half of 2013. The growth rate of circulation in digital version is 6 times in 3 years. There was a slight drop from 100,860 to 88,776 for print version from 2010 to 2013. This implies the fast growing popularity of phone affect the habit of readers and there is growing rend in digital version in the futu re. Michael Porter's 5 forces 1. Bargaining Power of Paper Suppliers – Due to the cost of paper material increases, the paper suppliers will transfer the incremental cost to SCAMP.It is under great pressure to increase the price of the newspaper print. 2. Bargaining Power of Customers – Customers have little switching cost to read other newspapers. Besides, free digital version is offered by HECK Standard. 3. Threat of New Entrants – There are many English newspapers emerging in HECK market like China Daily and Wall Street Institute which provide free newspapers at some selected estates. . Threat of Substitute Products – Due to growing popularity of phone, the customers have been changing their habits of reading newspapers.Digital version or mobile APS to access the updated newspapers create tremendous treat to the traditional newspaper industry. 5. Competitive Rivalry Within An Industry – The major competitors, HECK Standard is aggressively offeri ng 200,000 free tabloid newspapers distributed in different districts on a daily basis as well as providing free digital version to their readers. Competitor Analysis The Standard is doing the same as SCAMP to provide English newspaper print, digital erosion and Job searching function.The Standard has changed to a free newspaper since September 2007. On the other hand, it provides different levels of subscription discounts, which include digital subscription only and print plus digital version subscription. It also offers corporate digital subscription which allows multi-reader access to the digital version. The subscriptions allow readers to access their online and tablet content unlimitedly. We have made a comparison table between SCAMP and The Standard so that we can have more understanding of the keen competition in the newspaper industry.Comparison of SCAMP and The Standard SCAMP The standard price $9 Free (1st free newspaper since 2007) Digital Version Yes Yes Daily circulatio n Format Black & white, standard size Full-color, Tabloid Functions Archive news up to 10 years Archive news up to 1 year *HACK Audit July-DCE 2012 ** â€Å"The Standard† official website Strength Diversified information SCAMP has published diversified information. It includes the information of current issues, information of sports, property, finance, lifestyle. Also, it encloses Classified Post for Job seekers; Young Post and Education Post for student subscribers. Market leaderThere are not much English newspapers being published in Hong Kong. The major competitor is The Standard. The competition is not keen. Thus, SCAMP is the market leader among English newspapers. Sustained demand SCAMP targets high-educated customers. Usually, they earn more, they can afford more. Also, those NC corporations, universities and foreign residents all have regular subscriptions. There is sustainable demand. Weakness Increased staff & production cost Source: SCAMP Group 2013 Interim report – Extract of Income statement Staff and production costs have increased for about HECK$48. Million and HECK$3. Lion respectively. It is mainly due to the increase in headcount and SCAMP Group has included the production of ELL on 2013. It decreases the net profit. Less popular in HECK It costs HECK$9, which is the most expensive newspaper in Hong Kong. Also, it's bulky in size. It's inconvenient for readers to carry it around. Moreover, it cannot satisfy those non-English readers. It cannot become a popular newspaper in Hong Kong. Subscription for unlimited digital access If readers want to have unlimited access on digital access, they are obliged to subscribe by money. However, other Hong Kong newspapers, including TheStandard, are free of charge on digital version. It may hinder the increase of digital readers as they may prefer choosing free information. Shares have been suspended trading Its shares have been suspended trading in HECK stock market since 26 February 2013. S CAMP is a listed company in Hong Kong, however, its percentage of public float confidence on the investment and the public image of SCAMP has been affected. Opportunity Increases on demand Source: HECK Census and Statistics Department (â€Å"HACKS†) website – Population statistics Source: HECK Census and Statistics Department (â€Å"HACKS†) website – Foreign companiesThe above statistics has shown that HECK population has kept rising since mid of 2010 to 7,KICK in the mid of 2013. It has also shown that the number of foreign companies setting up local offices in HECK has increased. There is an opportunity for SCAMP to acquire more readers from the growth of population and foreign corporations. Hong Kong Government has promoted post-secondary education since the past decade. The below 2 tables have shown that there has been an increasing trend for people had Post-secondary education nowadays: The demand of English-language newspaper has been increasing wit h the rising umber of high educated people.Expand new market It can expand new market by the advancement of technology on digital version, for example â€Å"Southern China† as there has been an economic growth in China in the recent years. Threats Keener advertisement added competition The Government has increased 2 new free licensed TV. The advertisement companies have 2 more advertising channels, so there would be keener competition. Decreasing newspaper revenue Source: SCAMP Group 2013 Interim report Revenue from newspaper has been decreased for near HECK$5 million for the 2 interim periods. It indicates less people are willing to buy newspaper.

Discussion document Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion document - Essay Example He believes in handling challenges head on and rolls up his sleeves to handle the same rather than delegating people to accomplish such tasks for him. He is the ideal leader because rather than him being a boss, he is a team player that has made him to earn respect among those that he works with and also those that he trains. Hal Bagley works mostly with his wife, Baadrea in the many training projects as both of them also head the LGT Executive Coaching. Both of them bring different skills to the table as she focuses on enhancing personal growth and interpersonal skills for clients, which is an essential part of the training program. Therefore, Hal credits most of his success to team effort as working alone can never be a key to achieving the major milestones that one seeks to achieve in the corporate world. Other than being involved in training the leadership of top performing companies and a number of non-profit leadership boards, the Bagleys also run a non profit organization that seeks to give stability to single parents together with their children. The organization is run by a group of about 200 volunteers headed by an executive director and board of directors, which is impacting the lives of hundreds in a significant way. Hal is not involved in improving the corporate world, but he also seeks to help those that that are the bottom of the ladder. So far Bagley’s results from the corporate trainings include influencing the streamlining of employees of an organization, which in turn has helped in simplifying audits by up to 5 times. Further, Hal helped with the integration of privately owned company with a Fortune 100 company, which led the 200 person, company increasing from $36M to $72 million in just two years. Additionally, this company through the guidance of Bagley was able to successfully implement HR systems, IT systems program management processes and AS9100 certification among a list of other

Cost Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cost Leadership - Essay Example Its lines of communication, management control systems, and compensation systems must all follow a functional or U-form structure where the CEO acts like an orchestra conductor who coordinates everyone and everything taking place within the firm. This ensures that all stages of the value chain contribute to the cost leadership strategy and that not a single employee or manager or operating process is out of line. A functional structure is hard work, but it is the best way to ensure that the company implements its strategy without hitches or with as few difficulties as possible. A functional structure is flat, simple, and lean, allowing everyone to focus on a narrow set of high-value activities. This structure is also highly quantitative because management has to control all costs very closely. This structure also helps everyone maintain a cost leadership focus and mentality, which would be difficult if there are too many people doing too many things. It would also help that cost savings are shared with everyone in the organization as incentives. Firms with a cost leadership strategy usually operate internationally to:

Arrest of Mr Ballew for Conferring a Misdeed for Demonstrating a Assignment

Arrest of Mr Ballew for Conferring a Misdeed for Demonstrating a Profane Movement Film - Assignment Example Mr Ballew contended either that the two tallies he was being indicted for added up to double jeopardy/ twofold risk or the seizing of the movies were illicit and illegitimate. On the other hand, the court dismissed these conflicts subsequently denying him certiorari, building its contention in light of the instance of McIntyre v. State in which the defendants were denied certiorari (Ballew v. Georgia, 1978). â€Å"Because of the fundamental importance of the jury trial to the American system of criminal justice, any further reduction [of the number of members on a jury below six] that promotes inaccurate & possibly biased decision-making, that causes untoward differences in verdicts, & that prevents juries from truly representing their communities, attains constitutional significance† (Ballew v. Georgia, 1978). In delivering its ruling, the Court of Supreme decided that a five-person jury does not meet the sacred edge or constitutional requirements as provided by the Sixth Ame ndment of the United States’ constitution that applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. For this reason, the Supreme Court granted certiorari to the accused but consequently giving a disclaimer that it wouldn’t achieve alternate issues. Case in point, as he would like to think, which agreed to other Justices sentiments, Justice Blackmun expressed that a criminal trial presided over by a less than six-person jury considerably undermined the certifications of the Sixth & Fourteenth Amendments and subsequently, the condition of Georgia has no persuasive contention, notwithstanding, the advocacy and claim for inefficient budgetary allocation and time to defend the decision of decreasing a jury from six persons to five (Ballew v. Georgia, 1978). Thus, from their assessments before conveying the judgment all the judges including Blackmun, J., Marshall, J., Stevens, J., White, J., Burger, C.J., Rehnquist, J., Brennan, J., Stewart and Powell, J.,   agreed that that the instance of Ballew v. Georgia issue of whether a criminal trial by a state, which constrained a jury to five denied the charged individual a right enshrined in the constitution and provided to him/her by the Sixth & Fourteenth Amendments disregarded such secured rights (Ballew v. Georgia, 1978).

Explain and critically discuss the pros and cons for a firm in Essay

Explain and critically discuss the pros and cons for a firm in adoption an emergent rather that a deliberate, planning approach to strategy development - Essay Example Unexpected marketing benefits may result from an emergent strategy. A company can design emergent strategy to corporate a business opportunity or something else that competitors have not identified. For example, a firm may set deliberate strategies to become the best supplier of a particular primary product or service in the next five years in a particular city. However, along the way, it may discover that a minor product or service is selling more than the targeted one. The business may decide to set up an emergent strategy to increase the sale of the minor product in order to realize more profits. In essence, emergent strategy helps a business to offer what the market demands rather than what the company believes or thinks the customers want. An emergent business strategy also enhances the advancement of technology and thus development of the product being provided in the market. Emergent strategies mostly spark from individuals in a business reacting directly to shifts in the mark etplace factors and forces. Their decisions thus reflect order sizes, consumer tastes, and practices of competitors. When two or more organizations provide the same products that have almost similar features and technologies, clients will be unable to distinguish one from another. Hence, the firm will begin to refine and develop its product to add new features to survive in the marketplace and stand out. The business will attempt to engage emergent strategy to include the new product developments that could propel it to emerge as a technological leader in the marketplace. However, an emergent strategy plan can go off course and result in completely new and unexpected problems if an organization continually uses it to attempt to capture an attractive idea. Organizations constantly put out fires by dealing with unexpected issues that can cause it problems. Although keeping an eye on emergent strategies is helpful in doing so, the businesses

BUSINESS ORGANISATION AND POLICY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

BUSINESS ORGANISATION AND POLICY - Essay Example Growth in supermarket retailing is largely a product of this industry moving away from traditional business practices to become more market-oriented. Narver & Slater (1990) define market-oriented firms as those that restructure their operational capabilities and broadcast organisational intelligence in relation to customers and competition. These activities include restructuring distribution channels and improving operational models with a larger focus on advertising and promotion. Market-oriented firms, such as Tesco and Sainsbury (as two examples), have better internal processes to improve product variety and deliver on superior customer value through a variety of marketing practices directly related to consumer behaviour and consumer purchasing needs. In most consumer behaviour models, many different food products are considered latent needs: needs which are not always recognised by the consumer until it has been brought to their attention through advertising (Schultz, Tannenbaum & Allison 1996). Latent products are such things as frozen foods and frozen novelties. Where once these products were left to the consumers’ discretion after they had entered the food retailer, now they are being exposed to multiple marketing messages that provide perceptions of value, price or even convenience through targeted advertising and various internal or external promotions. This shift in advertising presence, either through the grocery outlet or through the product manufacturers themselves has brought considerable growth to names such as Asda and Tesco. Many supermarkets are also extending their corporate social responsibility efforts to make their store brand appear superior to customers in multiple market segments. Some supermarkets are using advertising to promote the importance of reusing different shopping bags for

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Canset crotec - Essay Example He has performed all over the world in some of the most famous orchestras. Lucia Lin started playing at a young age which the Chicago Symphony orchestra. This is one of the most famous American orchestras. The violist, Steven Ansell plays with the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Michael. Michael Reynalds started with the Muir Quartet, 33 years of playing with the same group. Mendelssohns Quartet in A minor, Op 13 is one of 6 quartets that he wrote in his life time. Mendelssohn lived from 1809 to 1847. This particular quartet was written in 1827. It was written in the typical late classical style. The colors of the piece are romantic. The quartet does not end with a finale but with a question mark . The textures are like a quartet. He wrote this one the year Beethoven died. He was only 18 years old There is a classical style with 4 movements. The tempo starts with an adagio and goes to an allegro to an andante and finishes with an adagio. Within the four movements, there are many variations. The first movements starts slowly and the last ends slowly which is with a romantic flair. He is ending on a question mark. Beethovens influence is highly heard. The Dvorak Double Bass Quintet added a Bass instrument to the quartet. "This is one of Dvorak earlier and unknown of pieces" as spoken by the bass player when he explained more about the piece. We never learn his name. The cello becomes freer as he is no longer obliged to be accompany the other instruments. He becomes a soloist. There are times the cellist plays with the first violinist as a duet in the first movement. This is really interesting for a quintet, the viola and the bass start with a 5 note theme that is repeated throughout the whole first movement, either in the 5 note theme or harmony or variations of rhythm. Antoin Dvorak wrote this piece later in his career 1876. It is more in the classical quartet style of 4 movements than Mendelssohn but the orchestration is

Demonstrate how to show not tell the action Assignment

Demonstrate how to show not tell the action - Assignment Example The troops trudge towards the opposite end of the terminal. Their walk is characteristics of the surprise appreciation at this morning hour. Everyone is now afoot. A handshake offered, with an accompanying smile. The looks tell of pride and gratitude in this ecstatic moment of appreciation. As they walk down the momentary alley, feelings are kinetic. The memories of the previous onslaught thaws by the warmth of this moment. As majestic as they may seem, the chill is infectious. A heroic aura blended with a show of homecoming is all a troop can experience. The magnetic moment is impetuous and the child looks on, savoring the enigma of the moment. She cannot quite comprehend the unspoken elements held so closely by the moment. As the proceeding fades down the terminal, the lingering telltale of gratitude is characteristic of both parties. The general looks back at the unfamiliar faces made fleetingly clear by the momentary bond of appreciation. For a moment, the feeling of service to t he country stands worth the take. It is the Budweiser moment of

Ethical decsion making and the responsibilities and the conflicts of Term Paper

Ethical decsion making and the responsibilities and the conflicts of responsibilities of an administrator - Term Paper Example â€Å"Decision making ethics is an area of ethics which pertains to making decisions† (Smith). Decision-making ethics are not limited to any specific area or industry, rather it is applicable to all fields of life including medical practices, teaching practices, schooling, and in solving workplace conflicts. Smith asserts, â€Å"Ethics are standards of conduct which can be applied to a wide range of situations, from medical practice to running a major company†. Making a decision is routine activity in the life of any person. A person takes many decisions in life regarding different matters and issues. An important thing in this regard is to analyze the positive and negative consequences of the decisions before their implementation because without proper analysis, a decision may not bring expected benefits to the people. Incorporation of ethics in the decisions is very important because it makes the decision justified and logical for every person. The practice of ethical decision-making not only makes people identify decisions with ethical impact but also makes them know how they can take an ethical and fair decision regarding any specific matter. ... litarian Approach Administrators can make use of the utilitarian approach to take such ethical decisions, which should bring maximum benefits and minimum risks to the people involved in the conflict. The focus of this approach is to increase the number of benefits for the people and reduce the harmful aspects of the decision. It is a very positive approach towards decision-making because it makes the administrators take ethical decisions to solve the problems. The Virtue Approach Using this approach, administrators take such actions, which should be able to embody the character strengths of the people involved in the conflict. This approach helps administrators take such decisions, which focus character strengths rather than individual duties and responsibilities towards resolution of the conflicts. The Common Good Approach The focus of this approach towards ethical decision-making is to help administrators take such decision, which should be able to improve the quality of life of th e people involved in the conflicts. Using this approach, administrators take effective steps to bring improvement in the quality of life. Administrators find different ways to resolve the issues and use the most practical and ethical way to end the conflicts between different people. The Fairness Approach It is one of the widely used approaches towards ethical decision-making. Using this approach, administrators examine different ways to treat people fairly without any bias. This approach is closely linked with providing justice to the people. Administrators make use of this approach to take ethical and fair decisions based on actual causes of conflicts. Cooper’s Approach towards Decision-Making According to Terry Cooper, the ideal outcome of a decision is reached when the administrator

Major Managerial Skills Needed by Every Supervisor Essay Example for Free

Major Managerial Skills Needed by Every Supervisor Essay 1.Identify the major managerial skills needed by every supervisor. Why are these important? The major managerial skills are technical, human relations, administrative, conceptual, leadership, political and emotional intelligence skills. The Managerial skills which are required by managers working at different levels of management. The top-level managers require more conceptual skills and less technical skills. The lower-level managers require more technical skills and fewer conceptual skills. Human relations skills are required equally by all three levels of management. Technical Skills A technical skill is the ability to perform the given job. Technical skills help the managers to use different machines and tools. It also helps them to use various procedures and techniques. The low-level managers require more technical skills. This is because they are in charge of the actual operations. Human relations Skills Human relations skills are also called Interpersonal skills. It is an ability to work with people. It helps the managers to understand, communicate and work with others. It also helps the managers to lead, motivate and develop team spirit. Human relations skills are required by all managers at all levels of management. This is so, since all managers have to interact and work with people. Administrative Skills Administrative skills are required at the top-level management. The top-level managers should know how to make plans and policies. They should also know how to get the work done. They should be able to co-ordinate different activities of the organization. They should also be able to control the full organization. Conceptual Skills Conceptual skill is the ability to visualize the organization as a whole. It includes Analytical, Creative and Initiative skills. It helps the manager to identify the causes of the problems and not the symptoms. It helps him or her to solve the problems for the benefit of the entire organization. It helps the manager to fix goals for the whole organization and to plan for every situation. Leadership Skills The development of a leadership style that emphasizes collaboration, trust, and empathy; engages followers in all aspects of the organizational; and helps followers to better themselves. Political skills the savvy to ascertain the hidden rules of the organizational game and to recognize the roles various people play in getting things done outside and to formal organizational channels. Emotional intelligence skills The â€Å"intelligent† use of your emotions to help guide your behavior and thinking in ways that enhance your results. You can maximize your emotional intelligence by developing good communication skills, interpersonal relationship, and mentoring relationships. 2. Summarize the difficulties supervisors face in fulfilling managerial roles. The supervisory position is difficult and demanding role. Supervisors are â€Å"people in the middle† that between higher-level managers and employees. In illustrate many of the challenges a supervisors faces, effective supervisors must be adaptable and be able to maintain their perspective in the face or rapidly changing conditions. The supervisors must also be a competent subordinate to higher-level managers. In this role, the supervisors must to be a good follower. The position of any supervisors has two main requirements. Fist the supervisors must have a good working knowledge of the jobs to be performed. Second, and more significant, the supervisors must be able to manage the department. It is the supervisor’s managerial competence that usually determines the effectiveness of his or her performance. 3. Explain the difference between management and leadership. †¢The manager does things right; the leader does the right thing. †¢The manager relies on control; the leader inspires trust. †¢The manager focuses on systems and structures; the leader focuses on people. †¢The manager administers; the leader innovates. †¢The manager asks how and when; the leader asks what and why. †¢The manager accepts the status quo; the leader challenges it. 4. What are the obstacles that the supervisor may encounter when trying to gain cooperation by coordinating the department’s various activities? †¢Developing and maintaining the problem control process †¢Reviewing the efficiency and effectiveness of the problem control process †¢Producing management information †¢Allocating resources for the support effort †¢Monitoring the effectiveness of error control and making recommendations for improving it †¢Developing and maintaining problem and error control systems †¢Reviewing the efficiency and effectiveness of proactive Problem Management activities. 5. Discuss why the supervisor should not attempt to ignore or circumvent the labor agreement, even if it seems like the right thing to do. As members of management, supervisors have the right and duty to make decisions. A labor agreement does not take away that right. However it does give the union a right to challenge a supervisor’s decision that the union believes to be a violation of the labor agreement. For example, virtually all labor agreements specify that management has the right to discipline and discharge for â€Å"just† (or â€Å"proper†) cause. The supervisor who follows â€Å"just cause† Standard for disciplinary action requiring tests of fairness and elements of normal due process, such as proper notification, investigation, sufficient evidence, and a penalty commensurate with the nature of the infraction.

Analysis Of Nosotros Los Pobres Film Studies Essay

Analysis Of Nosotros Los Pobres Film Studies Essay In the 1948 film Nosotros Los Pobres the representation of maternal and paternal figures confirm Octavio Paz theories of the Mexican identity crisis as well as ascribe to the stereotypes described by Monsivà ¡is. Octavio Paz states the Mexican race is subject to gsuspicion, dissimulation, irony, the courtesy that shuts us away from the stranger, all the psychic oscillations with which, in eluding a strange glace, we elude ourselvesh. To Paz the Mexican race is an oppressed one, a servant race hiding behind masks and smiles. The Mexican is of the subservient worker mentality, he/she always thinks of being brought down by external forces. These forces are not external gthey are impalpable and invincible because they are not outside us but within ush. For Paz the totality of the Mexican existence is that gonly when they are alone, during the great moments of life do they dare to show themselves as they really areh. To both Paz and Monsivà ¡is the Mexican (male) is a person of many con tradictions a person who is sensitive, angry, arrogant, wise, ignorant, dedicated, womanizing, distant, and emotional. The Mexican holds all of these things in himself at once and in extreme moments bursts out. Monsivà ¡is makes the connection between the poor and the need for drama or melodrama; gthe audience could forget its own economic woes with the discovery that so many shared its own misfortuneh. For the Mexican female and male, the world and life makes the most sense when they are suffering. There is probably no better representation of this suffering, the trials of life, the melodrama, the extreme emotional contradictions of the Mexican than in Nosotros Los Pobres. By isolating the paternal figure to the character Pepe, we can examine how he is a textbook representation of the contradictory Mexican male in an identity crisis. Pedro Infante as Pepe comes to be the archetypical Mexican male. Monsivais describes this male as alternatively and simultaneously brave, generous, cruel, rakish, romantic, obscene, able to make the greatest sacrifice, family-oriented and a friend until death. Pepe as a father is a both times generous and cruel, this is evident throughout the film in various scenes with his daughter. Pepes dedicated paternalism comes out any time he has to console his daughter and reassure her that he will never replace her mother. His sweetness comes out in the scene in which he apologetically croons his daughter with a birthday song. His crooning for his daughter just comes after one of his cruelest moments in the film in which he slaps his daughter in response to her accusing him of killing her mother. In slapping his daughter Pepe lit erallizes Paz quote, his daughter becomes the person who suffers this action is passive, inert, and open, in contrast to the active, aggressive and closed person who inflicts it. Pepe is of course arrogant, prideful and closed, all because he wants to spare his daughter of the shame of knowing who her real mother is, by slapping his daughter Pepe all at once trying to protect is daughter and suffers from a moment of emotional outburst where he in Paz terms becomes the chingà ³n. To say whether Pepe is a chingà ³n is a paper topic in and of itself, for now his moments of being a chingà ³n can be considered as part of himself, part of the bigger whole that is the Mexican identity, just one more part of the contradictory Mexican. Pepes chingà ³n comes out in one other scene, the scene in which his sister reveals herself as the girls mother (to the audience) and begs for Pepes forgiveness. As presented his sister doesnt seem to deserve the hatred and unforgiving emotional torment th at Pepe heaps on her. It is as if his own pride, arrogance, and all-around Mexican identity keeps him from forgiving his sister. Pepes unforgiving of his sister can be chalked up to serving the melodrama of the film. The Mexican romantic in Pepe comes out in any scene Pedro Infante shares the screen with the many women who adore him. Pedro Infantes natural talent of singing comes into play as well. The whistling scene between him and his sweet innocent pure love interest Celia Pepe at his most romantic. Pepe reveals himself to be a man of honor and dedication when resists the advances of La Que Se Levanta Tarde, sometimes Pepes verbal sparring borders on cruel. The scene in which La Que Se Levanta Tarde forces Pepes face into her bosom through comic action is of course played for laughs. The last facet and stereotype of the Mexican male is that of machismo. Pepe displays this machismo in the films later half which shows Pepe in prison and literally fighting for his life. Pepe violently beats the criminal responsible for the crime Pepe was accused of. Although this resolution is simplistic, it nonetheless serves the purpose of the melodrama, Pepe proves his innocence by beating the crap out of the other guy. By showing all these facets of the Mexican identity and male, Pepe fits the stereotypes suggested by Paz and Monsivà ¡. Pepe through all his contradictions and variety as a man, he comes to represent the whole of the Mexican identity crisis. The female that comes to represent maternity and the female stereotypes is the character of Celia. Celia is all at once pure, sweet, vulnerable and mistreated. To Paz, Celia comes to present the chingada, female, who is pure passivity, defenseless against the exterior world. Celias passivity comes out in a small scale in two scenes. The scene in which her father forbids her from seeing Pepe or being courted by Pepe, her response is of course emotional openness which makes her vulnerable and ineffective against her father who holds power over her. The other scene in which Celia is passive and open is the scene in which she confront Pepe for the truth. Again, Pepe shows his emotional contradictions in this scene, as Celia through her love and openness is simply trying to get Pepe to tell the truth of Chanchitas mother Pepe in turn treats Celia cruelty. She is vulnerable and once again Pepe is a chingà ³n, prefers to be in solitude rather than be open and vulnerable to Celia, and Celia is the one suffer from it, she even throughly expresses her love and care for Pepe, who in turn in only unreceptive not because he is because he is trying to save Celia as well. Through his emotional cruelty Pepe is saving Celia from being with him, sparing her of being with the complex man who would rather be anyone but himself. Both Pepe and Celia come to represent a sketched portrait of a people: generous, prejudiced, and more emotional than rational; pious and fanatic; an enemy of bigotry and more liberal than it seemed; inhibited by Lord and Master. The people of Nosotros Los Pobres, whose nicknames define their personality traits, are people of a community suffering from the Mexican identities, all these facets at one. It comes as now surprise why Nosotros Los Pobres is considered on the best Mexican films of all time. It is a representation of universal truths specific to the Mexican and one of the finest examples of the Golden Age of Mexican Cinema.

Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder Bipolar disorder was previously known as manic depression as it causes moods to shift between mania and depression. It may also be classified as a biological brain disorder causing severe fluctuations in mood, energy, thinking and behaviour. This disorder results in frequent anxiety and low frustration level in the young people (CABF 2007). Depression, in this situation, means a situation where you feel very low while mania would refer to a situation where you feel very high (NHS 2009). Sometimes, symptoms of mania and depression can also occur simultaneously (CABF 2007). These episodes can last for several weeks or longer. The high and low phases of the illness are often so extreme that they interfere with everyday life (NHS 2009). In bipolar disorder, the depression phase often comes first. One can be diagnosed with clinical depression before having a manic episode. The manic episodes usually take place after some time, after which the diagnosis might change. These episodes of depression may lead to overwhelming feelings of worthlessness, which often lead to thoughts of suicide. The manic phase may make you feel very creative and view mania as a positive experience. This is the time when you may also have symptoms of psychosis. During this phase you may feel very happy and have lots of ambitions, plans and ideas. Lack of sleep and appetite are other also common characteristics of bipolar disorder (NHS 2009). People with bipolar disorder fluctuate between intense depression and mania, interspersed by periods of relative calm (Macnair 2008). The causes of bipolar disorder arent completely known, but are often hereditary. A cluster of factors both genetic and environmental, such as personal traumas or stress, can highly influence systems. The initial manic or depressive episodes of bipolar disorder usually take place early in the teenage years or early adulthood (Macnair 2008) At least half of all cases start before age 25 (Kessler et al., 2005). The symptoms of the disorder can be fairly subtle and may result in being overlooked or misdiagnosed. This could result in unnecessary suffering while on the other hand, with proper treatment and support; a fulfilling life can be lived (Macnair 2008). In severe forms of mania, there are chances of a person becoming psychotic, with delusions. There is a conflict in perception and reality and there may be hallucinations and delusional beliefs about being persecuted. In some of the worst cases, people in mania become unintelligible and neglect themselves. The symptoms have varying patterns, frequencies and order. While in some case, where symptoms of mania are followed by symptoms of depression in a predictable pattern, some people have mixed symptoms its possible to have many of the symptoms of mania and also suffer from severely depressive thoughts (Bhugra and Flick, 2005). Although theres no cure for bipolar disorder, many people find that an understanding of their illness and what triggers episodes can help them live a relatively normal life Macnair 2008). Patients could monitor their moods and thoughts and ask someone they trust to help them cope with the disorder. But, sometimes some people have extreme mood swings that cant be managed by monitoring alone. There may be a need for antidepressants, antipsychotic medication, drug lithium, which seem to stabilise mood swings. High level of lithium in blood can be poisonous while too little will have no effect. So, its important to be seen regularly by the mental health team and have the blood levels checked (Smith et al., 2009). Johns Condition John had a bipolar disorder with first episode happening when he was 19. At 28, John had evidently had manic episodes, as he had been known to contact his colleagues and clients at odd hours to discuss novel ideas. He kept enthusing about his designs being imaginative and original. At the workplace, clients and colleagues would complain about Johns unprofessional behaviour suggesting a lack of understanding on the part of his workplace. Johns denial of his illness further aggravated his situation. John had already quit two excellent jobs because of his condition. Johns younger brother, Michael, managed to get John back to his consultant psychiatrist and pushed him to take his medicines regularly. With continuous support from his brother, John started responding well to the treatment. Although medication seemed to have positive effect on John, he would give up the medicines as soon he started feeling better. This resulted in relapses and repeated episodes. And unlike ordinary mood swings, the mood changes of bipolar disorder are so intense that they interfere with the patients ability to function (Smith et al., 2009). John did not participate actively in social activities making it difficult for others to recognize his needs. John could not focus on his work due to his medical condition being too unstable. John was not offered any job at the five places he had applied despite an impressive CV. This was due to the fact that John had mentioned his illness on all the forms raising doubts in Johns mind about disclosing his illness until it was specifically stressed upon. Work labelling and stereotyping Theory of stigma Stigma is the difference between the virtual social identity and the real social identity. Stigma has three forms, which can be characterised as external, personal and tribal. The first form of stigma relates to external or overt deformations like scars, leprosy, physical disability and social disability. The second form relates to deviations in personal traits, including mental illness, drug addiction, alcoholism and criminal backgrounds. The third form, tribal stigmas, are imagined or real traits of ethnic groups, nationalities or religions that are deemed to constitute a deviation from what is perceived as to be the prevailing ethnicity, nationality or religion (Geoffman 1963). eoffman (1963) also went on to describe 3 levels of deviance. He described them as primary, secondary and tertiary deviances. Primary deviance would refer to original violation/deviance/and societal reaction to this non-conformity to societal norms. The secondary deviance is the deviants reaction to the negative societal reaction and the tertiary deviance is the reaction of the stigmatised person to the stigma from other leads to master status. The secondary deviant attempts to re-label certain behaviours as normal rather than deviant. This is an attempt to create a label that overshadows all other characteristics. The stigmatised person is seen as inferior by others and seen as having a perpetually flawed social identity and is thus discriminated. The stigmatised individual might also have additional imperfections imputed to them on the basis of the original stigmata thus creating stereotypes (Geoffman 1963). Stigma can also be differentiated as felt and enacted. The felt stigma is the condition where one feels the shame of being identified with a discrediting condition and the fear of encountering enacted stigma. Enacted stigma is the actual episode of discrimination, both formal and informal against people with stigmata solely on the grounds of their having a stigmatising condition (Scambler 2004). Scrambler (2004) through the Hidden Distress Model highlighted that people with a stigmata are fearful of experiencing enacted stigma and pursue an active policy of non-disclosure. The stigma has a far more disruptive effect on their lives as this also increases the stress of managing their disorder. The socio-cultural values can be viable in influencing the level of felt and enacted stigma. According to Geoffmanns (1963) classification of stigma, John fell in the second form due to hid bipolar disorder. As stated by Geoffmann (1963), John was ill treated and faced discrimination, which is quite evident from the behaviour of his clients and colleagues at work. Sociology of Health and Illness The sociology of health and illness argues that socio-cultural factors influence peoples perceptions and experiences of health and illness, which cannot be presumed to be simply relations to physical bodily changes (Nettleton 2006). Defining Health and Disease In the constitution of WHO established nearly half a century ago, health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (Saracci 1997). Temple et. al., in 2001 proposed a definition of disease though the approach did little to improve on previous attempts. They defined disease as a state that places individuals at increased risk of adverse consequences. Adopting this definition, every activity involving voluntary action carry a risk of adverse consequences. The problem with the concept of health and disease is that it is associated with social concepts such as normality and abnormality, normality and abnormality being relative terms. In common parlance, disease means a deviation from the established norm, consequently abnormal, with connotations of weirdness, strangeness, repulsiveness, viciousness, sickness, derangement, impairment, and disorder (Landy 1977). Conditions may be characterised as normal or abnormal based on the arbitrary diagnostic criteria as in most common diseases like diabetes, hypertension, etc. A condition is considered to be normal if it is prevalent amongst the population largely. But this issue seems to be complicated by the question of medicalization versus criminalization of abnormal social behaviour (Rosen 1968 and Foucalt 1972). Often the clinicians diagnosis is influenced by social views on mental diseases. In cases where mental disorders are involved, judging a sick person is to be avoided at all costs. Instead, the situation and the effects of the disease should be judged (Scheff 1979). The patient is worried with his own private and particular condition, while the doctor tries to make a diagnosis in the same way a zoologist or a botanist does with a specimen under the microscope: to weight individual variances against general signals and symptoms that agree with those of a recognized category of disease (de Avila Pires 2008). Failure to Recognize Mental States and Provide Required Support Radley (1994) reported that it was very difficult to live with illness in todays world where health is more than meeting the demands of specific tasks or fulfilling particular duties. Mental disorders may lead to the patient becoming socially isolated as was seen in Johns case. Figure 1. The patient suffering from chronic illness faces various modes of adjustment. (Figure adapted from Radley and Green 1985, cited in Radley 1994) According to the modes of adjustment to the chronic illness put forward by Radley and Green in 1985 (cited in Radley 1994) John was in the phase of active denial. He resisted the illness symptoms and participated in the normal life, treating his illness as of little importance. Even his colleagues failed to recognize his condition and complained calling Johns behaviour unprofessional. Factors that Pushed John to Seek Medical Help Despite Johns being a talented architect, he had already quit two good jobs. The reasons attributed to this may be an atmosphere of discriminative behaviour in the workplace. John had developed a stage of Bipolar disorder where regular attacks of mania took place. He might also have developed psychosis suggested by the novel ideas and strange behaviour. Johns brother, Michael actually got John to go back to the medicines. He tried to know what had happened and made sure John took his medicines regularly. Michael also managed to get John back to his consultant psychiatrist. So, it may be perceived that it was support of his brother, family support coupled with a discriminative behaviour at the workplace that pushed John to medications. Social Inequalities Disability and social inequality go hand in hand. The proof is well documented and evident in socio-economic circumstances (Nettleton 2006). Disabled people face many problems in their working life. In certain cases like accidents, a person may loose his value overnight while as, in case of recurrent illnesses, the patient goes through a gradual downfall Blaxter 1976). Lack of support from other people (family, friends, colleagues) often aggravates the medical condition of the patient (Radley 2004). Johns medical condition became a cause of concern for his employers and clients alike. He had to quit two jobs to cope with the situation. Despite having experience and impressive CV, John was not able to get a job at any of the five places he had applied to. Evidently, his revealing his bipolar disorder would have put his future employers on alert and thus the discrimination. Instead, of understanding Johns condition and helping him overcome his disability he was rejected every time. Community Care The World Health Organization recognizes primary health care to be effective in preventing illness. There has been a shift from primary health care to community care and this shift could be a result of three factors therapeutic, economic and reforms in the medical model (Busfield 1986, cited in Nettleton 2006). The entire concept of community care relies on the priority being given to the patient and not the disease. Social perceptions about the disability or the disabled, plays an important role in community-based rehabilitation. The term community care is used both in a perspective sense to related to how people should meet the health and social needs of the dependent people and also a description of the set of services that are currently provided (Stevenson 2008). Many people often object to being referred to as disabled. It leads to the segregation and often discrimination (Blaxter 1976). As was seen in Johns case, despite being an impressive architect he was refused job at five places, which he thought was because of him disclosing his bipolar disorder. The local authorities along with voluntary bodies are responsible for looking after the social needs of a disabled. This concept is based on the fact that community has to be involved in deciding the social needs of a disabled member and then making sure that those needs are taken care of in local conditions (Blaxter 1976). Michael, Johns brother played a major role in Johns rehabilitation. He understood his needs and convinced him to see his doctor. As is the concept of community care, Michael gave priority to his brother and his needs rather than his disease. The same cannot be said about his colleagues or his clients. Instead of understanding Johns special needs, they deemed him unfit to work with them. Cognitive Therapy of Depression Beck et al., (1979) defined cognitive therapy as an active, directive, time-limited, structured approach used to treat various mental disorders. The rationale behind this definition is based on how a disabled person perceives and structures the world. His previous experiences and relation with other people affect his cognitions. For example, if a person interprets all his experiences in terms of whether he is competent or adequate, his thinking might be dominated by the schema, Unless I do everything perfectly, I am a failure. In such case he would react to all situations in terms of his competence even if those situations were not related to his competence in any way. Johns getting rejected at five interviews, despite of an impressive CV, made him feel disadvantaged. He thought it was due to his mental disorder. These inequalities made him want to conceal his illness and not reveal it unless it was specifically asked about. Chronic Illness People experience serious chronic illness in three ways: as an interruption of their lives, as an intrusive illness, and as immersion in illness. Rather, from their perspectives, illness disrupts their lives; it intrudes upon the day-frequently each day; it engulfs them (Charmaz 1997). Johns illness was an interruption in his life. He had to quit two jobs because of his illness and was further rejected a job at another five places due to his illness. Parsons Sick Role Theory According to Parson (1951), sickness is not merely a condition or a state of fact, it is rather a specifically patterned social role. The sick people have the right to be exempted from the normal social role. They cannot be blamed for their medical condition and have to be taken care of. On the other hand, they are expected to seek professional guidance and show a willingness to get well. The disabled people are either vulnerable and are often exploited by others or they may adopt deviance to evade responsibilities and can prove to be threat to the society. John was vulnerable. He tried to get well and used to take medication as well, but his colleagues blamed him for his condition. They often complained against him. Moreover, after quitting his job, he could not get another job due to his disability. Zolas Theory According to Zola (1973, cited in Scambler 2008) most of the patients would over look their symptoms for quite some time before consulting a doctor. He also found that there had to be something else a trigger apart from the symptoms to convince patients to seek medical intervention. The characterised five types of triggers First, the occurrence of an interpersonal crisis (e.g., death in the family), second, perceived interference with social or personal relations, third, sanctioning (pressure from others to consult), fourth, perceived interference with vocalization or physical activity, and fifth, a kind of temporalizing of symptomatology (the setting of deadline). Moreover, patients personal and social circumstances also affect the patients decision to seek help. Applying Zolas theory to Johns case, one would realize that John did overlook his symptoms. He used to deny his illness and stop his medication as soon as he felt better. It was sanctioning (pressure from his brother Michael) that acted as a trigger and convinced him to consult his psychiatrist and start his medication again. Conclusion A certain medical condition or disability refers to be presented with problems and face problems earning ones living or any other day to day activities. Many disabled people find it hard or lack the willingness to participate in the social activities. They isolate themselves from the society and in certain cases from family as well. But constant support from family and friends coupled with proper medication can help the patient recover and rise above his disability (Blaxter 1976). Bipolar disorder being a chronic mental disorder has serious consequences on patients in particular and their families and societies in general. Effective treatment for bipolar disorder is available, but patients often hesitate to report their condition due to various social, economic and personal barriers. Patients often go into self-denial and try to remain away from social activities. There are two ways of caring for the bipolar disordered person; one, primary healthcare, that is consulting a general physician or a psychiatrist and second being community care. Concerted efforts on all levels (patient, family, community, healthcare provider and government) are required to improve the quality of care among the bipolar community (Bhugra and Flick, 2005). Apart from the professional help, self-help can greatly improve the condition of a person with bipolar disorder. The patient should learn about his condition. It will help him understand his needs better as well as help him in recovery. They should try and avoid stress, participate in social activities and indulge in hobbies. The patient should keep a track of his mood swings and watch out for the symptoms that have deleterious effects on their mood. Doing so would help them prepare better for adverse conditions. Maintaining a healthy schedule (healthy food habits, exercising, and proper sleep) can greatly influence the moods of a patient (Smith et al., 2009). References: Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, and Emery G. 1979. Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York, The Guilford Press Bhugra D. and Flick GR. 2005. Pathways to care for patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorder 7; 236-245 Blaxter M, 1976. The meaning of disability. London. Heinemann. CABF (Child and Adolescent Bipolar Foundation), Educating the Child with Bipolar Disorder, 2007 Charmaz K. 1997. Good Days, Bad Days-Illness and Time. USA, Rutgers University Press de Avila-Pires FD. 2008. On the concept of disease. Revista de Historia Humanidades Medicas, Vol. 4, No. 1 Foucault M. 1972. Histoire de la folie à   là ¢ge classique, Paris, Gallimard Goffman E. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identities Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. 2005. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 62(6):593-602.) Landy D. [Ed.], 1997. Culture, disease, and healing. Studies in medical anthropology. NewYork, Macmillan Macnair T. 2008. Bipolar disorder. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/conditions/bipolar1.shtml [Accessed on 12/01/20101] Nettleton S. 2006. The Sociology of Health and Illness; Cambridge, Polity Press NHS 2009. Bipolar disorder. Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Bipolar-disorder/Pages/Introduction.aspx [Accessed on 12/01/2010] Parson T. 1951. The Social System. New York, Free Press. Radley A. 1994. Making sense of illness. London, SAGE Publications  Ã‚   Rosen G. 1968   Madness in Society. Chapters in the historical sociology of mental illness, New York, Harper Row Saracci R.1997. The world health organisation needs to reconsider its definition of health BMJ1997;314:1409 Scambler G, 2004. A jigsaw model of health-related stigma, University College of London Scambler G. [Ed.] 2008, Sociology as applied to medicine. (6th ed.) Saunders, Elsevier Scheff T. 1979. Decision rules, types of error, and their consequences in medical diagnosis. In Albrecht G. and Higgins P. [Eds.] Health, Illness, and Medicine. A reader in medical sociology, Chicago, Rand McNally, pp. 313-326. Smith M, Segal J, and Segal R. 2009. Understanding bipolar disorder. Available at: http://www.helpguide.org/mental/bipolar_disorder_symptoms_treatment.htm [Accessed on 13/10/2010] Temple LK, McLeod R, Gallinger S, and Wright J. 2001. Defining disease in the genomics era. Science, Vol. 293, No. 5531, New York, pp. 807-808

Free Essays - Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Essays In the Style of Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is said to be " the source from which all great American literature has stemmed" (Smith 127). This is in part attributed to Mark Twain's ability to use humor and satire, as well as incorporating serious subject matter into his work. Throughout the novel Twain takes on the serious issue of Huck's moral dilemma. One such issue which is particularly important in the novel is pointed out by Smith: He swears and smokes, but he has a set of ethics all his own. He believes that slaves belong to their rightful owners, yet in his honest gratitude toward his friend Jim, he helps him to escape the bonds of slavery. (181) This is something that tears at Huck throughout the novel and helps Twain show how complex Huck's character really is. "The recognition of complexity in Huck's character enabled Twain to do full justice to the conflict of vernacular values and the dominant culture" (Smith 125). Throughout Huck and Jim's adventures Huck is constantly playing practical jokes on Jim who seems to take them all in stride. But unknown to the reader Twain uses this aspect as another notch in Huck's moral 2 growth. Critic Frank McGill points this out: Huck's humble apology for the prank he plays on Jim in the fog is striking evidence of growth in Huck's moral insight. It leads naturally to the next chapter in which Twain causes Huck to face up for the first time to the fact he is helping a slave escape.(119) Another serious issue addressed by Twain is the abuse that was given to Huck by his father. Huck was kidnaped from the Widow Douglas by his father who had heard of his inheritance. Huck's father then took him to a cabin far away in the woods where he kept the boy a prisoner, beating him and half starving him. Twain tells us how Huck felt about life with his father: Before long Huck began to wonder why he had even liked living with the widow. With his father he could smoke and swear all he wanted, and his life would have been quiet pleasant if it had not been for all of the constant beatings.

Launching a Successful Digital Mobile Business Essay -- Apps for Busin

Introduction Since I was a child the idea of being a business owner has been a dream of mine. I never knew the requirements of starting, running or growing a business; however, I knew I needed to design a product to sell. In the 6th grade I approached my parents and told them when I grow up I want to own a business. I vividly remember my Father laughing while my Mother smiled and told me that it took a lot of work, time and experience to own and run a business. I decided to do some research, getting on the family computer I found out that a popular way to develop a business was to learn computer programming and write software. Years later, I worked in the Information Technology field after high school and saved up money to continue my education at State University. Majoring in Business with the Information Technology Concentration, I will gain the skills to work in a business environment but will still need to educate myself in order to found my own startup business. Taking Care of the Basics There are many markets, ideas and problems that have to be considered while brainstorming startup ideas. In fact there is such an abundance of aspects; one will undoubtedly feel overwhelmed from time to time. To avoid excessive frustration, it is a great idea to break up the development process into many different sections and complete each task in order. This paper will follow the path in which one should take in the development of their startup. The first task of a business is to decide on a product or service to develop. As stated above, there are many markets that can be considered in developing said product or service; however, I have chosen to stick to the market that is constantly growing and evolving on a day to d... ...portunity. Works Cited Ready, K. (2011). Startup: An insider's Guide to Launching and Running a Business. New York: Apress. Louise. (2012, April 11). Different Types of Apps for Business. Retrieved November 14, 2013, from http://newmediaangels.com/2012/04/different-types-of-apps-for-business/ Whiteling, I., & Welstead, S. (2010). Start Your Own Business 2010: The Ultimate Step-By-Step Guide / edited by Ian Whiteling & Steph Welstead. 3rd ed. Richmond: Crimson. Lee, M. (2012) Business Plans Handbook (Vol. 22) : Michigan: Cengage Learning. McKeever, M. (2007). How to Write a Business Plan. 8th ed. Berkeley: Nolo, 2002 Governor's Office of Business and Economic Development (2012). Start a Business. Retrieved from http://business.ca.gov/StartaBusiness.aspx Dooley, J. (2011). Software Development and Professional Practice. New York: Apress.

The Neandertals :: essays research papers

The Neandertals Staring into the gloom, I imagine the cave's ancient inhabitants, wrapped in bear skins, huddled near a fire. The haunches of a reindeer roast in the fire. A mother nurses her infant. Children playfully throw pieces of bone into the flames. An old woman tends the wounds of a hunter with an herbal ointment. The strong smells of smoke, unwashed bodies, and rotting carcasses thicken the air.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Until recently, nobody would have assumed that the above passage (Rick Gore, pp.6) was about how the Neandertals lived. However, recent studies have shown that Neandertals are smarter than we first thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The geography of the Neandertals domain was quite odd. 230,000 years ago Europe was filled with caves, marshes, and grasslands. It was a very harsh and cold wilderness. The Neandertals were in existence right in the middle of the Ice Age, and although occasional warm periods would create subtropical conditions as far north as England for thousands of years, the glaciers would always return and the Neandertals would always be forced south again. The Neandertals could be found as far north as England and as far south as Spain, from Gibralter to Uzbekistan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neandertal bones have been found in the Neander Valley and Dusseldorf Germany, in Altamura, Italy and Vindija, Croatia. These are major sites for the European caves the Neandertals lived in. Although the Neandertals went to the southern tip of Italy, they never crossed the Mediterranean Sea to Africa. They migrated from central Europe to central Asia to the Middle East and always came back. Their main mode of moving around was on their feet, and they usually travelled in bands of no more than 30 people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Neandertals had broad noses, and scientists think this was to warm the cold air. They also had thick browridges, receding chins, high foreheads, and their skulls sloped back over their brains. They learned to hunt in groups in order to kill the bigger game. The Neandertals lived with modern humans for 10,000 years, but they didn't change, and eventually it is believed the modern humans conquered them with their more advanced technology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although not much is known about the Neandertal's culture, anthropologists have some ideas of how they lived their life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is believed by many that the Neandertals practiced cannibalism for a death ritual. There is evidence of this on the skulls and big bones of Neandertals. There are cut marks and some bones have been broken open and are without marrow. Why would they do this? Maybe they liked the way their neighbors tasted, or maybe it was a ritual for a religion of theirs.

Bacillus Cereus

B cereus has been discovered since 1955 as a cause of food poisoning (Luna etal 2007). 52 cases of food borne diseases connected with B cereus were reported in the interval between 1972 and 1986 and only two cases were reported in 2003 which represent about 2 % of the actual cases due to underreporting and many of the case go undiagnosed(Benenson 1990) . According to the south Carolina department of Health and Environmental control and CDC,close to 25% of state public health laboratory do not carry out B cereus testing routinely (Kramer& Gilbert 1989).The Centre for Disease Control estimates that 97% of all cases of food poisoning come from improper food handling; 79% of cases result from food prepared in commercial or institutional establishments and 21% of cases result from food prepared at home (Terranova & Blaker 1978). The most common etiologies are as follows: (1) leaving prepared food at temperatures that allow bacterial growth, (2) inadequate cooking or reheating, (3) cross-c ontamination, and (4) infection in food handlers (Blaker 1978).Cross-contamination may occur when raw contaminated food comes in contact with other foods, especially cooked foods, through direct contact or indirect contact on food preparation surfaces. Bacteria cause approximately 75% of the outbreaks of food poisoning and for 80% of the cases with a known cause in the United States (Blaker 1978). As many as 1 in 10 Americans has diarrhea due to food-borne infection each year. The 2 syndromes associated with B cereus food poisoning include short incubation or emetic syndrome with I.C=1-6 hours and the long incubation or Diarrhea syndrome with I. C=6-24 hours (Kramer 1989). Fried rice is the leading cause of emetic syndrome in the US (Bean 1990; Terronova 1978). Heat stable emetic toxin (ETE) is responsible for the short incubation period syndrome while the heat labile enterotoxin is responsible for the long incubation syndrome (Bean etal 1990) Syndrome Types of Bacillus Cereus food poisoning Bacillus cereus food poisoning has two varieties namely the emetic syndrome as well as the diarrhea syndrome types. B.cereus has some toxins responsible for its pathology and such toxins produces diseases that tally more with intoxication than absolute food poisoning. The emetic type can usually be confused with staphylococcal food poisoning due to its short incubation period (Luna etal 2007). However staph aureus being an important cause of food poisoning produces infection following growth in protein and carbohydrate foods. The enterotoxins of S aureus are super antigens and are heat stable making them resistant to the action of gut enzymes .As small as 25 microgram of enterotoxin B can produce diarrhea and nausea (Luna etal 2007). The emetic effect of this toxin is believed to be as a result of central nervous effect following the action of the toxins on the gut neural receptors (Ficker etal 2007). Some strains of staph aureus produce enterotoxins during their developme nt in meat, dairy foods and other food products and characteristically, this food usually has been recently prepared but has not been properly refrigerated. Almost 6 distinct types of staph enterotoxins exist.Following the swallowing of the preformed toxin, it is taken in by the gut mucosa and subsequently stimulates neural receptors and this stimulus is transferred to the vomiting centre in the brain and this projectile form of vomiting usually occur after few hours and it is less frequently associated with diarrhea and staph food poisoning is regarded as the commonest form. The food poisoning due to staphylococcus are usually associated with a smaller incubation period when compared with B cereus (from 1 to 8 hours).It is also associated with a very violent, copious nausea, diarrhea and vomiting all occurring in the absence of fever(Benenson 1990). It should be noted that with the emetic type where the incubation period is 2-8 hours, the prominent symptom is vomiting whereas in th e diarrhea type with incubation period of 8-16 hours the prominent symptom is diarhoea. Other species of bacillus are infrequently associated with human pathologies and difficulty arises in differentiating superficial contamination with B cereus from the authentic disease caused by this same organism .About 5 species of the Bacillus are aetiologic agents in insects and they include: B larvae, B lentimorbus,B sphericus,B papillae and B thurigiences and some of them have been taken advantage of by their use as insecticides(Fricker etal 2007) . Incorporation of the gene from B thuringiesis into some commercial plants has been recently achieved and this subsequently has generated a lot of controversies among the activists on environmental issues about the safety of these genetically fashioned food and plants products (Guerrant and Bobac 1991).Food types associated with food poisoning While the emetic type is associated with foods like fried rice and in fact the leading cause in the US ( Black low &Greeberg 1991), the diarrhea syndrome is associated with the likes of sauces and meat. The short incubation type is linked with fried rice that is cooked and kept warm for many hours and is also often associated with Chinese foods. A previous outbreak has revealed macaroni and also cheese from milk being the source of the bacterium.Incubation Period of the two syndromes of B. cereus that causes Food poisoning In the emetic type the diarrhea usually last for about 24 hours and it usually start 1-5 hours after the ingestion of the food substance like rice and it may also follow the ingestion of pasta foods. Food poisoning of the long incubation period i. e. 10 to 24 hours is the diarrhea type and this type may be confused with clostridia food poisoning. Mechanism of action ETE-forms small molecules, channels and holes in membranes.HBL-stimulates intestinal fluid secretion by various mechanisms including activation of adenylate cyclase and pore formation. Toxin of B-cereus i nclude emetic toxin (ETE), Nhe and EntK. Only 2 of the 3 enterotoxins participate in the causation of food poisoning and they consist of 3 different protein substitute acting together. HBL is a haemolysin while Nhe is not . EntK is a single component protein and not associated with food poisoning (Terranova&Blaker 1978). The 3 enterotoxins of B cereus have cytotoxic effect and they act on cell membranes forming holes and channels in them.People at risk of developing food poisoning The high risk population for food poisoning includes the older adults and this is due to the fact that as you get older, your immune system may not respond as quickly and as effectively to infectious organisms as when you were younger (Blacklow & Greeberg 1999). The Similar explanation goes for Infants and young children because of the immaturity of their gastrointestinal tract and also their immune systems haven’t been so fully developed.People with chronic diseases are also at risk of food poisoni ng because having a chronic condition, such as diabetes or AIDS, or receiving chemotherapy or radiation therapy for cancer reduces your immune response. Clinical features The clinical symptoms produced by the emetic type include abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea and self limiting type of diarrhea. The clinical symptoms of the diarrhea or long term incubation syndrome include fever and vomiting in rare cases but most prominent symptoms are profuse diarrhea and abdominal pain.The intestinal toxin is usually preformed but it can be produced inside the intestinal tract (Kramer &Gilbert 1989). To make a meaningful diagnosis of this organism, one will require that a load of about 105 of the organism is present in the feaces and just the presence of the organism not up to this maximum concentration is not enough to diagnose. Also importantly, B cereus is an important aetiologic agent of eye diseases such as panopthalmitis, endopthalmitis and infection of the cornea too .This organism during a traumatic event is usually inoculated into the eye and it usually does this via the foreign body introduced into the eye. Both local and system problems have been reported associated with B cereus and it’s been associated with medical foreign devices such as braces, prosthetic valves, and some invasive procedures like passage of urinary catheter, nasogastric tube and chest tubes. Some of the associated systemic problems caused by the organism include meningitis and encephalitis, pneumonia, osteomylitis, as well as endocarditis.The use of intravenous drugs also predisposes to infections by B cereus (Bean &Griffith 1990). The organism lives inside the soil and it is a common finding that it contaminates foods like rice (Jones and Blicslayer 2002). The toxins production usually occur when large amount of rice is prepared and then allowed to cool down which subsequently lead to the growth of the spores and the vegetative form now synthesize the toxins and all these occur in th e log phase growth period or during the process of sporulation.Clostridium is the third leading cause of bacteria food borne epidemics following salmonella and staphylococcus aurues The enterotoxin it produces causes a self resolving gastroenteritis and it does this by binding to the brush border membrane receptor and therefore binding to abdominal wall mucosa, interrupting the exchange of ion and the resultant effect is the loss of ions and low molecular weight metabolic products (Benenson 1990). The time of onset of the clinical manifestation is usually between 8 and 16 hours i.e. earlier than that of B cerues and it follows the ingestion of the organism itself. Although it is also associated with abdominal pain and diarrhea but less commonly with systemic problems. Another species of the clostridium family is clostridium difficile is usually associated with over 25% of antibiotic associated diarrhea and 95% cases of psedomembraneous enterocolitis and the organism produces two ent erotoxins (exotoxin A&B). Some of the precipitant antibiotics include clindamicin and ampicillin.However the diarrhea of B cereus infection does not follow antibiotics use. The clinical picture of C difficile diarrhea includes nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain as well as greenish voluminously large amount of diarrhea (Blacklow and Greeberg 1991). Protoscopy will show pseudo membranes and microabscesses with an erythematous mucosa and the diagnosis is confirmed by demonstrating toxins in the stool and the current treatment of choice includes oral metronidazole (Fricker etal 2007). Other aetiologic agents of food poisoningOther bacteria organism toxins that have been implicated to cause food poisoning include those of Vibro cholera, Yersina enterolitica, and Aeromonas species. However the exact role of the organism and their toxins in pathogenesis is not well delineated except for V cholerae. C perfirigens is another aetiologic agent responsible for food poisoning (Jones&Blikslaker 200 2). Case Study 1 Father, mother and 2 children with respective ages 34, 28, 6 and 4 presented in a hospital because of passage of watery stool and fever all of 6-12 hours duration.There was history of eating green salad beans, ground meat and tortillas prepared by someone else in an encampment because they are migrant farm worker family. It was also found out later that another 7 month old child in the family had not taken the food and was found to be well. The children started having abdominal discomfort, diarhoa and fever 24 hours later and the symptoms have been continuous since the previous 12 hours and both affected children have been having bloody stool.The parents also started having similar symptoms 5 and 7 hours ealier excluding visible bloody stool. There was history that some other persons in the encampment had similar symptoms in the past 2 weeks and that the camp’s hygienic state is poor. Both children are warm to touch on examination as well as the parents and h ave increased heartbeat and the children also appeared to lack fluid . A mount of their stool revealed white cells that fight infections and the faeces of the children were blood stained. Comments and explanationGenerally speaking, vomiting, nausea, fever abdominal pain and diarrhea are the major key symptoms of infection of the gastrointestinal tract and the main symptom will depend on the cause whether it is a toxin or invasive or a combination of the two (Guerrant &Bobak 1991). Usually, nausea and vomiting are often related with preformed toxins in food. For instance, B cereus and staph aureus can generate enterotoxins in food and this usually happen few hours after the ingestion of the food substance (Guerrant &Bobak 1991).The likes of enterotoxins of enterotoxigenic E coli and Vibrio Cholera usually affect the superior aspect of the bowel to cause watery and massive diarhoea. As in the above scenario, invasive bacteria penetrate the colonic mucosal and cause abdominal pain with blood and mucous associated with fever and dehydration and this constellation of symptoms are regarded to as dysentery and the implicated aetiologic are for dysentery are:Entamoeba histolytica,Clostridium difficile ,enteroinvasive E. coli,salmonella ,campylobacter jejuni.The above children were admitted in the hospital and treated and parents were also treated as outpatients with fluids and drugs and this is followed by public health sanitary measures in the camp. In conclusion, food poisonings are very common most especially in the developing parts of the world with high morbidity and mortality most especially among infants and children (Kramer &Gilbert 1989). Therefore of value are public health preventive measures by the provision of good water supply as well as sanitary and hygienic water and food supply.(Guerrant RL, Bobak DA: Bacterial and protozoa gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:32). Case study 2 A reported incidence of acute gastrointestinal infection occurred in Ju ly 21, 1993 among the members of staff as well as the pupils of a co-owned child day care school after a catered lunch. This lunch was served for eating to 82 pupils of the day care centre to children between the age of 6 and less and the children are 82 in number along with 9 staff members. Past dietary history was gotten from 80 individuals and 67 were said to participate in the lunch.An individual at the day care made a case definition of vomiting. Among those served and who ate at the lunch, 21 %( 14) became sick and 13 did not. The symptoms observed ranged from diarrheal in 14 %,pain in 30% case and nausea in 71% case. 12 out of the 14 instances occurred among the children from ages 2. 5-5 and 2 other members of staff. Stastical analysis reveals that the median incubation period was 2 hours(the range is 1. 5-3. 5 hours). The resolution of symptoms took place over median interval of 4 hours following the onset(range 1. 5-22 hours).Among the dishes served in the local restaurant, only chicken fried rice was linked with notable illness and the problem occurred among 14(29%) out of the 48 individuals who ate the chicken fried rice in comparison to none of the 16 individuals who did not eat. The implicated rice was prepared the night preceding the incidence on July 20 under room temperature before it was refrigerated. The report also confirms that the rice was heated in oil with the slices of the cooked chicken on the morning of the lunch, then handed over to the daycare centers at around 10:30 am without refrigeration and served at noon without rewarming it.As a subsequence to the outbreak the advice by the health personnel to the restaurant officials and daycare staff was to stop the custom of cooling of rice or any other food at room temperature henceforth and that food should be kept at appropriate temperature of 5 degree or above 60 degree and that the temperature should be confirmed by a thermometer. Analysis of the case study 2 This short incubation syn drome variety of the disease which featured in this outbreak is overseen by highly stable toxin that can withstand enzymatic effect as well as extremes of temperature and PH.The diarrhea syndromic type is mediated on the other hand by an acid and heat labile intestinal toxin affected by the effect of the proteolytic enzymes like pepsin, trypsin etc. To make a diagnosis of Food poisoning, it is essential to isolate more than 10 5organisms per gramme from the epidemiologically implicated food substance . The self resolving as well as the lack of severity in most cases account for the reason B cereus is underreported(qtd in Todar 2004). Moreover recent research reveals that close to 20 % public health laboratory do not have the facility for the routine test for B cereus.In the United States, the leading cause of the emetic syndrome type or the â€Å"Short incubation syndrome† type of B. cereus is fried rice. As discussed before that B cereus more often than not is found in uncoo ked rice where the heat resistant spores also withstand and survive cooking. The survival of the vegetative form is a possibility after cooked rice is placed in an incubator as it generates heat stable toxin substance which can withstand heating(Kramer &Gilbert 1989). In this described scenario, the vegetative form must have proliferated at the food joint and also at the day care centre while the rice was being kept at room temperature.The problem is the unawareness of the restaurant food workers that certain danger is associated with cooked rice potentially. It’s imperative from the report the need to properly inform food handlers about fundamental rules and customs for hygienic healthy and safe food management and handling (Benenson 1990). Web Review of Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. â€Å"The Good, the Bad, and the Deadly†. (SCIENCE Magazine- June 4, 2004 – Vol 304: p. 1421). Retrieved from www. textbookofbacteriology. net on May20, 2009. Bibliograp hy Bean NH, Griffin PM.Foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1973-1987: pathogens, vehicles, and trends. Journal of Food Protection 1990; 53:804-17. Benenson AS, ed. Control of communicable diseases in man. 15th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 1990:177-8. Kramer JM, Gilbert RJ. Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus species. In: Doyles MP, ed. Foodborne bacterial pathogens. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc, 1989:21-70. Terranova W, Blake PA. Bacillus cereus food poisoning. N Engl J Med 1978;298:143-4. Luna, V. A. , King, D. S. , Gulledge, J. , Cannons, A.C. , Amuso, P. T. , Cattani, J. (2007). Susceptibility of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides and Bacillus thuringiensis to 24 antimicrobials using Sensititre(R) automated microbroth dilution and Etest(R) agar gradient diffusion methods. J Antimicrob Chemother 60: 555-567 Fricker, M. , Messelhausser, U. , Busch, U. , Scherer, S. , Ehling-Schulz, M. (2007). Diagn ostic Real-Time PCR Assays for the Detection of Emetic Bacillus cereus Strains in Foods and Recent Food-Borne Outbreaks. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 1892-1898Blacklow NR, Greenberg HB: Bacteria gastroenteritis Engl J Med1991; 325:252. Guerrant RL, Bobac DA: Bacteria and Protozoal gastroenteritis. N England J Med 1991; 325:327. Mckay DM intestinal inflammation and the gut microflora. Can J gastroenterocol 13:509, 1999. Jones SL, Blikslaker AT: the role of the enteric nervous system in the in the Pathophysiology of secretory diarhoea. J Vet Intern Med 16:222, 2002. Guerrant RL et al: Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:331. Guerrant RL, Bobak DA: Bacterial and protozoal gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med 1991;325:327.